Direct and Indirect Spech

Direct and Indirect Spech
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Ok, first let me explain the meaning of the sentence and the sentence directly and indirectly. We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or indirect speech.




Direct Speech or Quoted speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech. Here what a person says appears with quotation marks ( “….” ) and should be words for word.

Ex : She said, “ Today’s lesson is on presentations.” → this sentences using quotation mark

Indirect Speech or Reported Speech

Indirect speech sometime called reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

When reporting, speech the tenses usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past ( because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Ex : Direct Speech : “ I’m going to the cinema”, he said.

Indirect Speech : He said that he was going to the cinema. → there is the addition of the word “THAT” in sentence.

The difference is only in the direct line there are quotation marks,while the indirect sentence there is no quotation marks.

TENSES CHANGES

As a rule when you report something, someone has said you go back a tense (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right).



DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

    She said, “It is cold.” ↔ She said it was cold.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

    She said, “I am teaching English online.” ↔ She said she was teaching English

    online.

3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

    She said, “I have been teaching English for ↔ She said she had been teaching English

    seven years.” for seven years.

4. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

    She said, “I have been on the web since 1999.”↔She said she had been on the web since

    1999.

5. PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT

    She said, “I thought online yesterday.” ↔ She said she had taught online

    yesterday.

6. PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

    She said, “I was teaching earlier.” ↔ She said she had been teaching earlier.

7. PAST PERFECT PAST PEFECT

    She said, “The lesson had already started ↔ She said lesson had already started when

    when he arrived.” he arrived. (NO CHANGE)

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

    She said, “I would already been teaching for ↔She said I would already been teaching five minutes.
    for five minutes. (NO CHANGE

MODAL

Modal verb forms also sometimes change.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

1. WILL WOULD

     She said, “I will teach English online ↔ She said she would teach English

     tomorrow. online tomorrow.

2. CAN COULD

    She said, “I can teach English online.” ↔ She said she could teach English online.

3. MUST HAD TO

    She said, “I must have a computer teach ↔ She said she had to have a computer English
    online.” teach English online.

4. SHALL SHOULD

    She said, “What shall we learn today?” ↔ She asked what we should learn

    today.

5. MAY MIGHT

    He told me, “You may leave us now” ↔ He told me that I might leave them

    then.

NOTE : There is no change to could, would, should, might & ough to.

TIME CHANGE

If the reported sentences contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Expression of time if reported on a different day

· This ↔ That

· Today ↔ Yesterday

· These ↔ Those

· Now ↔ Then

· A week ago ↔ A week before

· Last weekend ↔ The weekend before last/

The previous weekend

· Here ↔ There

· Next week ↔ The following week

· Tomorrow ↔ The next




Sumber : http://ikbalnanaonan.blogspot.com/2012/04/tugas-softskill-direct-and-indirect.html

noun clause

Noun Clause (SoftSkill)

Noun Clause 

Definition: 

A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun. 

Examples: 

• I thought that it would be fine day. 
• No one knows who he is. 

• I did not know what he would do next. 
• How the Budget got in is a mystery. 

• Pay careful attention to what I am going to say. 
• I do not understand how all it happened. 

The Noun-Clauses can be replaced with Suitable. Nouns or with suitable Noun-Phrases. 

• No one knows when he will come. (Noun-Clauses) 
• No one knows the time of his coming. (Noun-Phrases) 

• I heard that he had succeeded. (Noun-Clauses) 
• I heard of his success. (Noun-Phrases) 

• We will never know why he failed. (Noun-Clauses) 
• We will never know the reason for his failure. (Noun-Phrases) 

•The law will punish whosoever is guilty. (Noun-Clause) 
• The Law will punish the guilty. (Noun) 

• The police want to know where he is living. (Noun-Clauses) 
• The police want to know his residence. (Noun)

Noun Clauses
Introduction
A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb.  Clauses can take the place of different parts of speech.
For instance, you are probably familiar with adjective clauses.
The man, who looked sleepy, sat down.
Who looked sleepy is an adjective clause.  It is taking the place of  an adjective.  An adjective is used to describe nouns and so do adjective clauses.
We could re-write the sentence with an adjective.
The sleepy man sat down.
Similarly, a noun clause can take the place of a noun.  This lesson will explain noun clauses, give examples of noun clauses, and then provide several quizzes to practice forming noun clauses.



Noun Clauses - Explanations & Examples


There are three basic types of noun clauses.  These types are 1) noun clauses that start with a question word (where, how, who, when, why), 2) noun clauses that start with whether or if, and 3) noun clauses that start with that. 



1. Noun Clauses that Start with a Question


Noun clauses that start with a question are usually used to answer a question.  The following examples should better explain this. 
  

Where does Sarik live?


I don't know where Sarik lives. 
"where Sarik lives" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. 
I don't know Sarik's address.  The noun phrase, Sarik's address, replaces with the noun clause, where Sarik lives. 
  
  



What time is it?

I don't know what time it is. 
"what time it is" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. 
I don't know the time.  In this case, the noun phrase, the time, replaces the noun clause, what time it is. 



2.  Noun Clauses that Start with Whether or If

Noun clauses that start with whether or if are used to answer yes/no type questions.  Whether and if are usually interchangeable.  The following examples should better explain this. 



Does Judy own a Honda?

I don't know if Judy owns a Honda. 
"if Judy owns a Honda" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. 
I don't know the answer.  In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, if Judy owns a Honda. 
  

Will Sadine be at work on Friday?

I don't know whether Sadine will be at work on Friday. 
"whether Sadine will be at work on Friday" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. 
I don't know the answer.  In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.


3.  Noun Clauses that Start with That.

Noun clauses that start with that are used to answer questions in which person who is answering is thinking, giving an opinion, or using a mental activity verb.  The following examples should better explain this.


Is Dr. Elimelech a good instructor?



I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. 
"that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor" is a noun clause.  This noun clause could be omitted by saying the following. 
I think so. 
  



Do you know the location of an ATM?



I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket. 
"that there is an ATM in the supermarket" is a noun clause.


Most of the time, native speakers will drop the word that.  It is perfectably acceptable to say the following.
I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. 
OR  I think Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. I believe that there is an ATM in the supermarket. 
OR  I believe there is an ATM in the supermarket.
  Sumber : sl.lbcc.cc.ca.us/eesllessons/nounclauses/nounclause.htme


         


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